FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN WORSHIP PLACES IN DENPASAR BALI INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17501/24246735.2020.6102Keywords:
Smoking behavior, worship places, compliance, smoke-free law, Denpasar BaliAbstract
Since 2013, City of Denpasar government has adopted smoke-free law regarding smokefree areas including worship places. However, compliance with smoke-free law at worship places
remains low. The implementation of the law faces several obstacles particularly at Hindu temples since
it is mostly semi-opened spaces and high social acceptability of smoking where cigarette and smoking
have been deeply engrained within social and religious life. Hence, this study aims to assess factors
that associated with smoking behavior at worship places particularly at Hindu temple in Denpasar Bali
Indonesia. This study was a cross-sectional study, conducted in the city of Denpasar, involving 192
samples which selected using multistage random sampling. The data was collected using a structured
questionnaire then analyzed using path analysis. There were 12 factors analyzed such as past behavior
of smoking, exposure to anti-smoking policies, nicotine dependence, knowledge and attitude regarding
second-hand smoke, knowledge and attitude regarding implementation of smoke-free law,
sociodemographic (age, education), social norms of smoking (descriptive and injunctive). Of the 11
factors, 5 factors had a significant effect on smoking behavior. Past behavior of smoking had a direct
negative effect with a standardized coefficient (beta) -0.34 (p<0.01); followed by nicotine dependence
which had an indirect negative effect (beta -0.07; p=0.01). Meanwhile, positive direct and indirect
effects showed by descriptive norms (beta 0.14; p=0.04); injunctive norms (beta 0.15; p=0.02) and
education (beta 0.14; p=0.03). Past behavior of smoking had the highest effect on smoking behavior
in worship places. Hence, continuous education, socialization and improved supervision to the
implementation of smoke-free law remain crucial. Moreover, social norm factors also need more
attention, so that a culture-sensitive strategy could be considered
Downloads
References
Aherrera, A., Çarkoğlu, A., Hayran, M., Ergör, G., Ergüder, T., Kaplan, B., … Navas-Acien, A.
(2017). Factors that influence attitude and enforcement of the smoke-free law in Turkey: A
survey of hospitality venue owners and employees. Tobacco Control, 26(5), 540–547.
https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053088
Azagba, S., & Asbridge, M. (2013). The association between smoking bans and nicotine dependence:
A longitudinal analysis of current smokers in Canada. Addictive Behaviors, 38(12), 2817–2820.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.006
Ketut Suarjana et al. / Factors Associated To Smoking Behavior In Worship Places In ….
Byron, M. J., Cohen, J. E., Frattaroli, S., Gittelsohn, J., Drope, J. M., & Jernigan, D. H. (2019).
Implementing smoke-free policies in low- And middle-income countries: A brief review and
research agenda. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 17(August), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/110007
Byron, M. J., Cohen, J. E., Gittelsohn, J., Frattaroli, S., Nuryunawati, R., & Jernigan, D. H. (2015).
Influence of religious organisations’ statements on compliance with a smoke-free law in Bogor,
Indonesia: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 5(12), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-
Denpasar, P. K. (2018). Penduduk Kota Denpasar Per Kecamatan Tahun 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.denpasarkota.go.id/new/public/ckfinder/userfiles/files/DATA TH 2018.pdf
Devhy, N. L. P., Astuti, P. A. S., & Duarsa, D. P. (2014). Pengaruh Faktor Pengelola terhadap
Kepatuhan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok pada Hotel Berbintang
di Kabupaten Badung. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive, 2(2), 158–164.
https://doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v2i2.144
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. ‐O. (1991). The Fagerström Test
for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal
of Addiction, 86(9), 1119–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
Kegler, M. C., Hua, X., Solomon, M., Wu, Y., Zheng, P. P., & Eriksen, M. (2014). Factors associated
with support for smoke-free policies among government workers in Six Chinese cities: A crosssectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1130
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Hasil Riskesdas 2018. November 2018.
https://doi.org/1 Desember 2013
Kennedy, R. D., Behm, I., Craig, L., Thompson, M. E., Fong, G. T., Guignard, R., & Beck, F. (2012).
Outdoor smoking behaviour and support for outdoor smoking restrictions before and after
France’s national smoking ban. European Journal of Public Health, 22(SUPPL. 1), 29–34.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr208
Lwanga, S., & Lemeshow, S. (1997). Sample Size Determintation For Health Study: A Practical
Manual. Geneva: WHO.
Page, R. M., Huong, N. T., Chi, H. K., & Tien, T. Q. (2012). Social normative beliefs about smoking
among Vietnamese adolescents. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 24(1), 68–81.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510370993
Pemerintah Kota Denpasar. Perda Kota Denpasar No.7 Tahun 2013 tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok
(2013). Denpasar. Retrieved from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/20257/perda-kotadenpasar-no-7-tahun-2013
Pemerintah Provinsi Bali. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali No. 10 Tahun 2011 Tentang Kawasan Tanpa
Rokok (KTR) (2011). Retrieved from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/22411/perdaprov-bali-no-10-tahun-2011
Pierce, J. P., Choi, W. S., Gilpin, E. A., Farkas, A. J., & Merritt, R. K. (1996). Validation of
susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States. Health
Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association, 15(5), 355–361. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8891714
Pinilla, J., López-Valcárcel, B. G., & Negrín, M. A. (2019). Impact of the Spanish smoke-free laws on
cigarette sales, 2000-2015: partial bans on smoking in public places failed and only a total
tobacco ban worked. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 14(4), 536–552.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744133118000270
Reis, M. F., Namorado, S., Aguiar, P., Precioso, J., Nunes, B., Veloso, L., … Miguel, J. P. (2014).
Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisurehospitality sector. PLoS ONE, 9(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102421
Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2005). How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms a test of the theory
of normative social behavior. Communication Research, 32(3), 389–414.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205275385
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Public Health, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2020, pp. 9-17
Riou França, L., Dautzenberg, B., Falissard, B., & Reynaud, M. (2009). Are social norms associated
with smoking in French university students? A survey report on smoking correlates. Substance
Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 4, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-4-4
Sandra E. Echeverría, Daniel A. Gundersen, Michelle T.B. Manderski, and C. D. D. (2013). Social
norms and its correlates as a pathway to smoking among young Latino adults. Soc Sci Med, 6(8),
–195. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300902w.Release
Suarjana, K., Putra, A. E., Astuti, P. A. S., Mulyawan, K. H., & Chalidyanto, D. (2018). Compliance
with smoke-free legislation and associated factors: A serial survey in Bali, Indonesia. Indian
Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 9(11), 1840–1845.
https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.01714.X
Tadesse, T., & Zawdie, B. (2019). Non-compliance and associated factors against smoke-free
legislation among health care staffs in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An
observational cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6407-z
Yang, T., Jiang, S., Barnett, R., Oliffe, J. L., Wu, D., Yang, X., … Cottrell, R. R. (2016). Who smokes
in smoke-free public places in China? Findings from a 21 city survey. Health Education
Research, 31(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyv054
Zaleski, A. C., & Aloise-Young, P. A. (2013). Using peer injunctive norms to predict early adolescent
cigarette smoking intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(SUPPL.1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12080
Zeng, S., Noguchi, H., & Shimokawa, S. (2019). Partial smoking ban and secondhand smoke exposure
in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152804
Zhou, L., Niu, L., Jiang, H., Jiang, C., & Xiao, S. (2016). Facilitators and barriers of smokers’
compliance with smoking bans in public places: A systematic review of quantitative and
qualitative literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Public Health is entirely Open Access, which means that all published content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this Proceedings journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Authors who publish with Conference Proceedings agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Proceedings of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this conference proceedings.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the proceeding's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this conference proceedings.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Licensing
Published articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
