REFLECTING UPON OPENNESS WITHIN GREEK SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS IN THE (POST) PANDEMIC ERA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17501.24246700.2023.9114Keywords:
openness in education, school education, covid-19 pandemic, openness factors, openness features, qualitative content analysisAbstract
The Covid-19 pandemic outburst combined with the 21st-century globalized society conditions has triggered a wide demand for radical educational changes with an emphasis on the philosophy of openness in order for human rights, equity and democracy to be enhanced. Even though traditional school education seems to be resisting to those changes and maintains its closed character, it was forced to partially modify and readapt its outdated educational practices and policy, due to the imposed lockdowns and the obligatory implementation of distance education. Therefore, this paper adopts a qualitative approach and – by analyzing the textual content of 15 school Minute Books – aims to examine the features of openness and the factors that have influenced it in Greek secondary educational settings during and after the end of the 2021 imposed lockdowns. Findings show that openness in school education is highly affected by several socio-economic and educational factors, such as the existence of vulnerable student groups, educational leadership’s attitude and economic inequalities within the student population. Furthermore, certain openness features have derived in terms of accessibility and flexibility, which are in relation to both distance and face-to-face education. This paper adds up to the existing literature and offers a new insight, as it shows how the worldwide pandemic affected openness in schools, not only during the lockdowns, but also in the aftermath.
Downloads
References
Baker, F. W. (2017). An Alternative Approach: Openness in Education Over the Last 100 Years. Tech Trends, 61(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0095-7
Barrett, B. D. (2017). Bernstein in the urban classroom: a case study. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(8), 1258–1272. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1269632
Bayne, S., Knox, J., & Ross, J. (2015). Open education: the need for a critical approach. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(3), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1065272
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. Nursing Plus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Bernstein, B. (1960). Language and Social Class. The British Journal of Sociology, 11(3), 271. https://doi.org/10.2307/586750
Bernstein, B. (1961). Social Structure, Language and Learning. Educational Research, 3(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188610030301
Bernstein, B. (1975). Class and Pedagogies: Visible and Invisible. Educational Studies, 1(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305569750010105
Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity: theory, research, critique. London: Taylor and Francis.
Bourdieu, P. 1974. The school as a conservative force: scholastic and cultural inequalities. In J. Eggleston (Ed.), Contemporary Research in the Sociology of Education (pp. 32 – 46). J. London: Methuen.
Bourdieu, P. 1986. The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241 – 258). New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J. C. (1990). Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.
Cronin, C. (2017). Openness and Praxis: Exploring the Use of Open Educational Practices in Higher Education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3096
Darling, N. (2007). Ecological Systems Theory: The Person in the Center of the Circles. Research in Human Development, 4(3–4), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600701663023
Das, P. (2016.). The Notion of “Openness” in Indian ODL Systems. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 11(2), 10-23. Retrieved from http://dlkkhsou.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/692/1/The%20Notion%20of%20%E2%80%98Openness%E2%80%99%20in%20Indian%20ODL%20Systems.pdf
Donnelly, M. (2018). Inequalities in Higher Education: Applying the Sociology of Basil Bernstein. Sociology, 52(2), 316–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516656326
Edwards, R. (2015). Knowledge infrastructures and the inscrutability of openness in education. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1006131
Facer, K. (2016). Using the Future in Education: Creating Space for Openness, Hope and Novelty. In: Lees, H., & Noddings, N. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Alternative Education. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41291-1_5
Gunter, H. M. (2002). Purposes and Positions in the Field of Education Management. Educational Management & Administration, 30(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263211X020301005
Hall, R. (2015). For a political economy of massive open online courses. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(3), 265–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1015545
Harker, R. (1990). Bourdieu - Education and Reproduction. In: Harker, R., Mahar, C., & Wilkes, C. (eds) An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21134-0_4
Jones, C. (2015). Openness, technologies, business models and austerity. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(3), 328–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1051307
Knox, J. (2013). Five critiques of the open educational resources movement. Teaching in Higher Education, 18(8), 821–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2013.774354
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
Lionarakis, A. (2006). Learning through Action and Cognitive Skills in Distance Education. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Teaching Learning and Technology Conference, University of Hawaii, 132 – 138. Retrieved from https://tccpapers.coe.hawaii.edu/archive/2006/lionarakis.pdf
Lionarakis, A. (2008). The theory of distance education and its complexity. The European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 11. Retrieved from https://old.eurodl.org/?p=archives&year=2008&halfyear=1&article=310
Ma, Y., & Chen, D. (2020). Openness, rural-urban inequality, and happiness in China. Economic Systems, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100834
Maphosa, C., & Bhebhe, S. (2020). Interrogating the Concept ‘Openness’ in Open Distance Learning (ODL). European Journal of Open Education and E-Learning Studies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejoe.v5i2.3282
Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Background and Procedures. In: Bikner-Ahsbahs, A., Knipping, C., & Presmeg, N. (eds) Approaches to Qualitative Research in Mathematics Education. Advances in Mathematics Education. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9181-6_13
Mishra, S. (2017). Open educational resources: removing barriers from within. Distance Education, 38(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1369350
Mohammed, H., & Mishra, B. S. (2012). Openness in education: Some reflections on MOOCs, OERs and ODL. Commonwealth of Learning. Retrieved from https://oasis.col.org/bitstream/handle/11599/37/Openness%20in%20Education%20Some%20Reflections%20on%20MOOCs%20OERs%20and%20ODL.pdf?sequence=1
Morais, A. M. (2002). Basil Bernstein at the Micro Level of the Classroom. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23(4), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569022000038413
Naidoo, R. (2004). Fields and institutional strategy: Bourdieu on the relationship between higher education, inequality and society. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25(4), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569042000236952
Nash, R. (1990). Bourdieu on Education and Social and Cultural Reproduction. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 11(4), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569900110405
Olakulehin, F. K., & Singh, G. (2013). Widening access through openness in higher education in the developing world: A Bourdieusian field analysis of experiences from the National Open University of Nigeria. Open Praxis, 5(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.5.1.40
Ossiannilsson, E. (2018). Ecologies of Openness: Reformations through Open Pedagogy. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 13(2), 103–119. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1315604
Peter, S., & Deimann, M. (2013). On the role of openness in education: A historical reconstruction. Open Praxis, 5(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.5.1.23
Rawolle, S., & Lingard, B. (2008). The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu and researching education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 23(6), 729–741. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930802262700
Sakkoula, N. (2022). The Intercultural Aspect Of Distance Education in Greece: A Case Study Of Exploring Educational Leadership’s Representations During The Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Teaching and Learning, 01, 35 – 45. https://doi.org/10.17501/26827034.2021.1103
Smith, M. L., & Seward, R. (2017). Openness as social praxis. First Monday, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i4.7073
Tait, A. (2018). Open Universities: the next phase. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 13(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-12-2017-0040
Tait, A. (2008). What are open universities for? Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 23(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680510802051871
Tynan, B., & James, R. (2013). Distance education regulatory frameworks: Readiness for openness in Southwest Pacific/South East Asia region nations. Open Praxis, 5(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.5.1.31
Wiley, D. (2006). Open Source, Openness, and Higher Education. Journal of Online Education, 3(1). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ847820
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 N Sakkoula
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.