THE LITERARY PROGENITORS OF AMERICAN FEMINISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTEMPORARY PASHTUN WOMEN IN PAKISTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17501/icfow.2018.1202Keywords:
Progenitors, American Feminism, 19th Century Novel, Pashtun WomenAbstract
The mid-19th century proved a prime time for the question of women's equality in the U.S., that was voiced by many scholarly fields as diverse as history, anthropology, sociology, gender studies, literature, etc.,and particularly the American novel—The Scarlet Letter; Little Women; The Portrait of a Lady; The Awakening, and Sister Carrie. These novels through their multi-faceted and lifelike protagonists systematically instituted the base of American feminism atits different evolutionary phases. The study explores how these five mid-19th century American novels dealt with the issue of women's equality through the lenses of New Historicism and Gender Studies. Through close socio-historical readings of these novels, I will discuss how struggle for women's rights was presented in the select novels, how closely these depictions are aligned with actual social conditions, and how the novels facilitated a social change regarding woman's equality. Finally the study signifies how the experience can augment the cause of contemporary Pashtun women's rights in Pakistan, which is a burning issue at the moment.
Downloads
References
Alberghene, Janice M. and Beverly Lyon Clark, eds.. Little Women and Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays.. New York: Garland Publishers. 1991. Print.
Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. Ed. Claire Booss. New York: Gramercy Books, 1982. Print.
Anthony, Catherine. Louisa May Alcott. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1938. Print.
Barlowe, Jamie. The Scarlet Mob of Scribblers: Reading Hester Prynne. Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000. Print.
Baym, Nina, Jeanne Campbell Ressman and Arnold Krupat, eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: Norton & Company, Vol. C, Seventh Edition, 2007. Print.
Baym, Nina, Robert S. Livine, eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Julia Reidhead. New York: Norton and Company, Vol. B, 8th Edition, 2012. Print.
Baym, Nina. "Hester as a Hero" Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 67-73. Print.. The Scarlet Letter: A Reading. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986. Print.
Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995. Print.
Crowley, Cornelius. Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady. Paris: Didier Erudition, 1998. Print.
Dougherty, John and Kirk Johnson. "The Forced Marriage" Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 122-126. Print.
Erlich, Gloria C. " Hawthorne's Family Impact" Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 25-33. Print.
Felder, Deborah G. A Book Shelf of our Own: Works that Changed Women's Lives. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp, 2005. Print.
Fetterly, Judith. The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1977. Print.
Greenblatt,Stephen. Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004. Print.
Haralson, Eric and Kendal Johnson. Henry James: A Literary Reference to his Life and Works. New York: Facts on File, 2009. Print.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Leland S. Person. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2005. Print.
Hutchison, Hazel. Brief Lives: Henry James. London: Hesperus Press Limited, 2012. Print.
Idol Jr., John L. "The Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne" Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 17-24. Print.
James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady. London: Marshal Cavendish Ltd. 1987. Print.
Johnson, Claudia Durst, ed. Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. Print.
Kesterson, David B. " The Hawthorne-Fuller Friendship " Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 34-38. Print.
Lyall H. Powers, ed. The Merill Studies in The Portrait of a Lady. Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1970. Print.
Maibor, Carolyn R. "A Woman's Calling" Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 80-87. Print.
Martin, Wendy, ed. New Essays on The Awakening. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Print.
Mookerjee, R.N. Theodore Dreiser: His Thought and Social Criticism. Delhi: National Publishing House, 1974. Print.
Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) . Development Profile of Swat District: Situation Analysis & Baseline Surveys for Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in KPK, FATA &Balochistan . AASA Consultant: Karachi, 2015. Web. 2 November 2017.
Reynolds, David S. " Hester and Feminists of the 1840s" Social Issues in Literature: Women's Issues in Nathaniel Hawthorn's The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Claudia Durst Johnson. New York: GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2009. 40-47. Print.
Rampton, Martha. "Four Waves of Feminism."Pacific Magazine. Fall 2008.Pacific University Center for Gender Equity. pacificu.edu. Web. 3 July 2017.
Sanauddin, Noor. Proverbs and Patriarchy: Analysis of Linguistic Sexism and Gender Relations among the Pashtuns of Pakistan. Diss. University of Glasgow, 2015. theses.gla.ac.uk. Web. 30 October 2017.
Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin: A Critical Biography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969. Print.
Sloane, David E. Sister Carrie: Theodore Dreiser's Sociological Tragedy. New York: Twayne Publishers. 1992. Print.
Tomasek, Kathryn Manson, and Elizabeth Lennox Keyser." A Great Happiness: Searching for Feminist Utopia in Little Women." Little Women and Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays. Eds. Janice M. Alberghene and Beverly Lyon Clark. New York: Garland Publishers. 1999. 237-259. Print.
Yousafzai, Malala. I am Malala: The Girl who Stood up for Education and was Shot by the Taliban. Ed. Christina Lamb. London: Little, Brown and Brown, 2013. Print.
Yousafzai, Malala. Personal (Telephone) Interview. 23 August 2015.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
